As England's exam regulator Ofqual publishes its report on this summer's GCSE English fiasco, the BBC News website looks at the background to the controversy.
 
What was the issue with this year's GCSE English results?
 
The percentage of pupils who achieved at least a grade C in English GCSE dropped from 65.4% in 2011 to 63.9% this summer. Some 15% were awarded an A or A*, down from 16.8% in 2011. In English literature, 76.3% of exams were awarded A*-C, compared to 78.4% last year, and 23.2% got at least an A, against 25% in 2011.
 
Head teachers said more than 10,000 teenagers received worse results than merited. They said it was unfair that pupils sitting the exam in June were marked more harshly than pupils who took it in January with many unexpectedly failing to get the benchmark C grade.
 
At the time Brian Lightman, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders said: "What appears to have happened is that halfway through the year it was decided that too many students were going to get a C grade in English and the grade boundaries of the exam were pushed up very substantially."



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