First, the connotation of the bill of lading

Bill of lading must be the carrier or the master or their agents to issue, and should clearly indicate the identity of the issuer.

The bill of lading contract of carriage by sea is to prove that the establishment and prove that the carrier has taken over the goods or the goods have been shipped, and to ensure the delivery of the goods to the destination document.

The bill of lading is also a document of title of goods, the carrier was to deliver the goods. According to the bill of lading holder to extract the goods, but also dealings with bank financing, but also in the cargo ships arrive at the destination port prior to the transfer of delivery.

Documented by the fact that the contents of the bill of lading and bills of lading on the back of the positive terms of two parts. The shipping companies, established a bill of lading, the main content of roughly the same.

 

Second, the back of the bill of lading terms of its basis

 

Bill of lading provisions set printed on the back of the carrier and cargo between the rights, duties and responsibilities of exemption, it was when the parties deal with the main legal basis for the dispute.

In the whole type (LONG TERM) on the back of the original bill of lading, contains many provisions, including the following:

(1) the definition of the terms (DEFINITION CLAUSE) - mainly to the "carrier", "shipper" and other persons concerned to be qualified. The former includes the contract of carriage with the shipper will have a ship owner, which includes delivery, consignees, bills of lading holder and the cargo owner.

(2) The jurisdiction clause (JURISDICTION CLAUSE) - pointed out that when the bill of lading disputes, in accordance with the law, a court has the right to hear and resolve cases.

(3) The period of responsibility clause (DURATION OF LIABILLITY) - provides the carrier for loss or damage of goods during the period of liability provisions. The provisions of the general bill of lading the carrier's liability for the period from discharge until the goods are loaded on the ship so far away from the ship. Container bill of lading from the carrier to accept delivery of goods to the consignee until the specified.

(4), packaging and identification (PACKAGES AND MARKS) - require the shipper to provide proper packaging of goods and correct a clear sign. As a result of unclear or packaging bad sign all the costs arising from the cargo responsibility.

(5) Freight and other charges (FREIGHT AND OTHER CHARGES) - defined as prepaid freight should be paid when loading, to pay should be paid at time of delivery. When the ship and cargo suffered any loss or damage, the freight should accordingly, otherwise, the carrier may exercise a lien on the goods and documents.

(6) free trans-shipment terms (TRANSHIPMENT CLAUSE) - although the carrier's bill of lading issued directly, but because of an objective need still free trans-shipment is not subject to the shipper's consent. Transfer the burden of fares by the carrier, but the risk borne by the shipper and the carrier's responsibilities are limited to their own operations completed by that part of the transport ships.

(7) a false statement (INACCURACY IN PARTICULARS FURNISHED BY SHIPPER) - the carrier the right to the port of shipment and port of destination to check the quantity of goods to report any such shipment, weight, size and content, if found inconsistent with the actual carrier may charge freight penalty

(8) the carrier's liability limit (LIMIT OF LIABILITY) - provides the carrier for loss of or damage to goods caused by the loss of the negative compensation limit, that is, for every one, or the amount of compensation per unit of cargo over a certain amount of up to.

(9) general average (GENERAL AVERAGE-GA) - provides the event of general average, according to what rules adjustments. The international community more generally used in 1974 grams - Antwerp Rules adjustments. In China, some regular provisions of the bill of lading in accordance with the rules in 1975, Beijing adjusters adjusters.

(10) U.S. terms (AMERICAN CLAUSE) - provides the transport of goods between U.S. ports is only applicable to the United States in 1936 by sea freight (CARRIAGE OF GOOD BY SEA ACT. 1936) Freight by the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) rate registered in the implementation of the , such as the bill of lading terms and there is conflict with the law, places American Law shall prevail. This provision, also known as "regional terms" (LOCAL CLAUSE).

(11) deck cargo, live animals and plants (ON DECK CARGO, LIVE ANIMALS AND PLANTS) - these three kinds of goods, acceptance, handling, transportation, storage and discharge regulations, the risk of the shipper and the shipper, carrier loss or damage to their irresponsible person.