Havana (AP) - 13 days, the edge of the end of the world in October 1962, President John · F · Kennedy in the Atlantic drew a symbolic line dire consequences, and warned that if the Soviet Premier Nikita · Khrushchev dared to cross it.
The broken American U-2 spy plane flying high over the Soviet ballistic missile sites in Cuba, you can launch nuclear warheads small warning in the United States, only 90 miles away, the air photographs. This is the height of the Cold War, many people worry that nuclear war would annihilate human civilization.
Soviet vessels carrying nuclear equipment to Kennedy's "quarantine area" zone around the island steamed, but turned around before the arrival line. "We eye the eye, I think the other fellow just blinked," U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk, the Secretary famously said, quote, is as defined crisis.
In the 50 years since the nuclear standoff between Washington and Moscow, many long-held conventional wisdom missile crisis knocked down, including the common belief, the day of Kennedy's bold and aggressive behavior rule.
On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Cuban missile crisis, the historian said, this is a behind-the-scenes compromise, rather than a high-risk game, chicken resolve the showdown, Washington and Moscow, the end of the duration of the winners and crisis far more than 13 days .
Declassified documents, oral history and the decision-makers involved in the confrontation between the closing of the accounts and scholars, new information, to provide leadership involved in contemporary lessons learned from the crisis, such as the one in Syria, President Bashar al-Assad ignored international plead guilty stop attacking civilian uprising, has resulted in more than 32,000 people.
The another modern deadlock over Iran, the West accuses of developing nuclear weapons plans. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in the recent United Nations speech drew a cartoon bomb a red line, instructions will not tolerate a nuclear Iran.
"Iran, said:" I called the Cuban missile crisis in slow motion the writer Graham Allison, the government decision-making "Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, groundbreaking research."
"The same process is looming current trajectory, ruthless toward confrontation the President of the United States will attack Iran to prevent it from becoming a nuclear weapons state or acquiescence, and then choose between the face of a nuclear-weapon States," Allison said.
Kennedy's idea is this, do not let this confrontation, "he added. Disaster risk is too great. "
Common belief has been re-evaluated in the Cuban missile crisis:
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The conventional wisdom: the crisis is the U.S. brinkmanship victory.
The reality: Historians say backdoor diplomatic confrontation Resolution is a real victory.
Kennedy resisted the pressure, and suggested that he give up what Moscow even consider preemptive assistant. The contrary, he is intense behind the scenes diplomacy with the Soviet Union, other countries and the United Nations Secretary-General.
October 27, Attorney General Robert · F · Kennedy and Soviet Ambassador secret meeting, and conveyed the olive branch from his brother: Washington publicly rejected any invasion of Cuba, Khrushchev to withdraw the missiles from the island. The real sweetener, Kennedy will exit the Jupiter Nuclear Turkish, American missiles installed in the vicinity of the Sino-Soviet border. This is a secret commitment, only a handful of presidential adviser and does not appear until a few years later.
"History has expanded, the resolution of the image resolute president, president, Cuban analyst Peter Kornbluh wrote:" in the November issue of Cigar article preprint associated press.
However, brinkmanship myth is still there, in 2002, U.S. President George · W · Bush citing the lessons of history, fortitude, reasonable pre-emptive invasion of Iraq missile crisis.
"Storyline, Kennedy standing the steely resolve a much easier, in the face of Khrushchev down, that's it, said:" Allison, the Government of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, a professor at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government and former senior defense adviser. "If you persist in the end, the others will eventually produce - this is the actual lessons become a popular myth."
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The conventional wisdom: Washington win, Moscow lost.
The reality: The United States is a winner, but to do so in the Soviet Union.
Jupiter missile is sometimes described as a nearly obsolete, but they have been on the line in a few months ago, have the ability to fight against the Soviet Union. Kennedy's assurance that he would not invade Cuba, their evacuation to Khrushchev think he is to save face the next day, he announced the upcoming removal of offensive weapons in Cuba.
Soon after, the Soviet Union and the United States presidential hotline was formally established to discuss the two countries, resulting in a limited nuclear test ban treaty ", and, ultimately, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
The main lesson is that, even in the face of this crisis, the need for compromise, Robert said: "Pastor, professor of international relations at American University and Latin America's former national security adviser to President Jimmy Carter's leadership.
The pastor said he had many discussions missile crisis over the years with his late father in law, who is Kennedy's Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara (Robert McNamara). The pastor said, the domestic political difficulties, John F. Kennedy and served as President to listen to the lessons prove Kennedy's intense efforts to keep the transaction secret.
U.S. President Barack Obama, for example, maintained against Cuba tough lines, facing considerable pressure. The problem is the U.S. embargo, the demand for political change, the U.S. government subcontractor as a spy being held in Cuba and Cuban intelligence agents serving long prison sentences in the United States.
"Now look at the relationship between the United States and Cuba," the minister said. "I do not think Obama would consider a compromise, because the pressure is too great," you give the Cubans. '
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The conventional wisdom: This is a high seas showdown.
Reality: This is a real missile crisis is full of tense moments. October 27, a U.S. warship in a nuclear Suzi and the Soviet Union shot down a U-2 spy plane in Cuba dropped deep water bomb. This is the crisis of the darkest and most dangerous day, "Kornbluh said.
However, on October 22 announced that the U.S. Navy quarantine around the island, in order to prevent more military equipment from arriving at JFK, Khrushchev recalled the day after the ship carrying nuclear devices, according to the 2008 book, "one minute to midnight" This is according to a new study by Michael Dobbs Soviet document.
This means that, on October 24, the State Rusk react to his famous "eye to eye," the statement said that the minute intelligence, the vessels have been hundreds of miles away, steaming home.
It eye to eye, it never is. Confrontation never happened, said: "Kornbluh, who is Cuba analyst took decades of work in the civil, national security, file decryption missile crisis files.
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The conventional wisdom: This is the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) intelligence coup.
Reality: With the late Soviet vessel turnaround day, the CIA missed several important development will contribute to the John F. Kennedy and his advisers navigation crisis.
The CIA informed ballistic missiles in Cuba in the late in the game, they have been put into operation when Kennedy was informed of their existence.
The agency also unaware of tactical nuclear weapons attack on the United States have been deployed missiles in Cuba. The Soviets even nuclear warhead missiles positioned on top of the ridge, ready to invade the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
"They want to obliterate the foundation," Kornbluh said.
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The conventional wisdom: the crisis lasted 13 days.
Reality: This myth continues in part by the Robert · F · Kennedy's posthumous memoir, "13 days", and the title of the 2000 Kevin Costner starred in the movie of the same name.
In fact, it is 13 days, when Kennedy was the first to tell the missile, from October 16 to October 28, the Soviet Union announced its withdrawal.
"October crisis", as it is in Cuba, drag another tense time in about a month in November to extend the what Kornbluh play is called, "Washington and Moscow bargain the details of exactly what kind of weapons will be deleted .
The Soviet Union also have problems dealing with Fidel Castro, according to documents of the Soviet Union to open the Svetlana Savranskaya this month, a Russian National Security Archive analyst.
Vice Premier Mikoyan to Cuba, November 2, it took 20 days of intense negotiations, the Cuban leader, who is angry the Soviet Union reached an agreement, he was not consulted. Castro lobbying efforts, but failed to keep tactical nuclear weapons, the Americans did not understand.



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